How ‘normal’ prion proteins in the brain actually aid learning and memory
October 17, 2012
Fluorescence images of primary hippocampal neurons showing the distribution of normal prion proteins in untreated (left) and with small interfering RNA (siRNA) (right) to knockdown PrPC in endogenous neural cells. Scale bar equals 10 microns. (Credit: Nicole T. Watt et al./Nature Communications)
Scientists from the University of Leeds have found that the protein called prion helps our brains to absorb zinc, which is believed to be crucial to our ability to learn and the well-being of our memory.
The findings published on Tuesday 16 October in Nature Communications (open access) show that prion protein regulates the amount of zinc in the brain by helping cells absorb it through channels in the cell surface.
However, high levels of zinc between brain cells have been linked with diseases such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.
Got zinc?
Professor Nigel Hooper from the University’s Faculty of Biological Sciences explains: “With aging, the level of prion protein in our brains falls and less zinc is absorbed by brain cells, which could explain why our memory and learning capabilities change as we get older. By studying both their roles in the body, we hope to uncover exactly how prion and zinc affect memory and learning. This could help us better understand how to maintain healthy brain cells and limit the effects of aging on the brain.”
While the abnormal infectious form of prion — which causes Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) in humans and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle — has been extensively studied, the Leeds team is among the first to investigate the role of the “normal” form of the protein (PrPC).
Lead researcher, Dr Nicole Watts, says: “Zinc is thought to aid signalling in the brain as it’s released into the space between brain cells. However, when there’s too much zinc between the brain cells it can become toxic. High levels of zinc in this area between the brain cells are known to be a factor in neurodegenerative diseases, so regulating the amount of absorption by the cells is crucial.”
Prion diseases such as Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (CJD) in humans are characterized by the conformational conversion of the cellular prion protein (PrPC) into the infectious form (PrPSc) that aggregates in the brain. Zinc uptake is disrupted when PrPC is mutated or when cells are infected with prion, which suggests that the reduction in uptake of zinc contributes to the neurodegeneration that is commonly associated with prion diseases.
The research, funded by the Medical Research Council, Wellcome Trust and Alzheimer’s Research UK, may have implications for how we treat — and possibly prevent — neurodegenerative diseases in the future.
Dr, Simon Ridley, Head of Research at Alzheimer’s Research UK, said: “We’re pleased to have helped support this study, which has uncovered new information that could one day aid the development of new treatments for Alzheimer’s. One next step would be to understand how regulating zinc levels may affect the progress of the disease. Results like these have the potential to lead to new and effective treatments — but for that to happen, we must build on these results and continue investing in research.”
Comments (5)
by eldras
When Pusiner from California won the Nobel prize for discovering prions in 1997, no-one heard of them and they’re not much understood still.
“A prion is an infectious agent composed of protein in a misfolded form.” wiki
It makes sense to me that they can do good as well as bad for people, but what is also clear is that without drastically faster calculation and better scanning techniques, the lab work is too hard – too slow and too complex.
The one week taken by Watson to memorize wikipedia will be down to 1 second by 2031, given a doubling in processing power per year, and that is pessimistic as it assumes no step change like quantum computers expected to be usefully functional about 2022 (ibm), and if 2013 Feb 13th decision to fund Project Blue Brain gets European Union approval for one billion euro, human brain simulation by the early 2020′s.
There are many other pathways to hyperprocessing: Superintelligence attempts are being debated in December at Oxford (AGI-12) and weak A.I.’s have 100′s of thousands of people on them – Stanford just graduated 140,000 in its online A.I. course this year.
After that invention and original research by machine systems has to happen (to argue against this you would have to persuade that the human brain is a religious entity).
These possibilities are likely in the 2020′s as expert systems increasingly combine.
With those facilities
by Eric
This reminds me of the movie Limitless. Now if only they can make a pill that could be manufactured through a 3D printer and given to everyone and not just the rich.
by MrFriendly
I didn’t think of that xD. Good movie, though.
by MrFriendly
It’s just unreal how complex the brain is. It almost seems like each discovery reveals more complexity, pushing back the finish line of complete understanding.
by trakk
you mean we dont have the brain to understand the brain?