Microscopy technique could help develop 3D chips

June 28, 2013

These three-dimensional tri-gate (FinFET) transistors are among the 3-D microchip structures that could be measured using through-focus scanning optical microscopy (TSOM) (credit: Intel Corporation)

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) scientists have applied a microscopy technique for viewing nanoscale objects to monitoring the next generation of 3D computer chip circuit components, potentially providing the semiconductor industry with a crucial tool for improving chips for the next decade or more.

The scientists showed that the technique, called Through-Focus Scanning Optical Microscopy (TSOM), can detect nanoscale differences in the three-dimensional shapes of new circuit components, which until very recently have been essentially two-dimensional objects.

TSOM is sensitive to features that are as small as 10 nanometers (nm) across, perhaps smaller — addressing some important industry measurement challenges for the near future for manufacturing process control and helping maintain the viability of optical microscopy in electronics manufacturing.

New generations of chips feature 3-D structures that stack components atop one another, but ensuring these components are all made to the right shapes and sizes requires a whole new measurement capability.

“Previously, all we needed to do was show we could accurately measure the width of a line a certain number of nanometers across,” explains NIST’s Ravikiran Attota. “Now, we will need to measure all sides of a three-dimensional structure that has more nooks and crannies than many modern buildings. And the nature of light makes that difficult.”

How to see 10-nanometers-size objects

art of the trouble is that components now are growing so small that a light beam can’t quite get at them. Optical microscopes are normally limited to features larger than about half the wavelength of the light used — about 250 nanometers for green light.

So microscopists have worked around the issue by lining up a bunch of identical components at regular distances apart and observing how light scatters off the group and fitting the data with optical models to determine the dimensions. But these optical measurements, as currently used in manufacturing, have great difficulty measuring newer 3-D structures.

Other non-optical methods of imaging such as scanning probe microscopy are expensive and slow, so the NIST team decided to test the abilities of TSOM, a technique that Attota played a major role in developing. The method uses a conventional optical microscope, but rather than taking a single image, it collects 2-D images at different focal positions forming a 3-D data space.

A computer then extracts brightness profiles from these multiple out-of-focus images and uses the differences between them to construct the TSOM image. The TSOM images it provides are somewhat abstract, but the differences between them are still clear enough to infer minute shape differences in the measured structures — bypassing the use of optical models, which introduce complexities that industry must face.

“Our simulation studies show that TSOM might measure features as small as 10 nm or smaller, which would be enough for the semiconductor industry for another decade,” Attota says. “And we can look at anything with TSOM, not just circuits. It could become useful to any field where 3-D shape analysis of tiny objects is needed.”