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Re: Darwin's theory is wrong.
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http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/11/09110 5143710.htm
Caught In The Act: Butterfly Mate Preference Shows How One Species Can Become Two
ScienceDaily (Nov. 6, 2009) — Breaking up may actually not be hard to do, say scientists who've found a population of tropical butterflies that may be on its way to a split into two distinct species.
The cause of this particular break-up? A shift in wing color and mate preference.
In a paper published this week in the journal Science, the researchers describe the relationship between diverging color patterns in Heliconius butterflies and the long-term divergence of populations into new and distinct species.
"Our paper provides a unique glimpse into the earliest stage of ecological speciation, where natural selection to fit the environment causes the same trait in the same population to be pushed in two different directions," says Marcus Kronforst, a Bauer Fellow in the Center for Systems Biology at Harvard University who received his doctor's degree at The University of Texas at Austin. "If this trait is also involved in reproduction, this process can have a side effect of causing the divergent subpopulations to no longer interbreed. This appears to be the process that is just beginning among Heliconius butterflies in Ecuador."
Heliconius butterflies display incredible color pattern variation across Central and South America, with closely related species usually sporting different colors. In Costa Rica, for example, the two most closely related species differ in color: One species is white and the other is yellow. In addition, both species display a marked preference to mate with butter-flies of the same color.
The Ecuadorian population examined by Kronforst and his colleagues shows the same white and yellow variation found in Costa Rica but has not yet reached a level of strong reproductive isolation. The entire population lives in close proximity and individuals of both colors come in contact with -- and mate with -- each other.
But, by studying the Ecuadorian population in captivity, the scientists found the two colors do not mate randomly. Despite the genetic similarity between the groups -- white and yellow varieties differ only at the color-determining gene -- yellow Ecuadorian individuals show a preference for those of the same color. White male butterflies, most of which are heterozygous at the gene that controls color, show no color preference.
"This subtle difference in mate preference between the color forms in Ecuador may be the first step in a process that could eventually result in two species, as we see in Costa Rica," says Kronforst, who began studies of Heliconius color pattern and behavioral genetics in the laboratory of Professor Lawrence Gilbert at The University of Texas at Austin.
Previous studies of species formation have focused on the characteristics of well-differentiated species, and the health and viability of their hybrids in particular, in an effort to identify how the species may have emerged and how they stay distinct.
Heliconius provides a model for a different kind of study. The researchers considered species emergence from the opposite end, studying populations that have yet to diverge into separate species in order to identify the role of mate choice in the potential emergence of new species.
Having identified color-based mate preference in Heliconius, the researchers used a battery of genetic markers to compare the genomes of the white and yellow varieties, showing that they are genetically identical except for their different colors and preferences.
Their work suggests that the genes for color and preference are very close to one another in the genome; the two traits could even be caused by the same gene. Their next step is to identify the gene (or genes) responsible for the differences in color and mate preference.
"If we can identify this gene or genes, we can say conclusively how they influence both color and mate choice," says Kronforst. "Subsequent work could elucidate exactly how changes in individual genes can, over long periods of time, lead to novel species."
"This study shows the great potential of the genus Heliconius as a model system for integrating genetics, development, behavior, ecology and evolution," says Gilbert, professor in the Section of Integrative Biology. "It is the culmination of diverse contributions of the co-authors involving insectary, field and laboratory research over more than a decade."
Co-authors on the Science paper with Kronforst are Nicola L. Chamberlain and Ryan I. Hill, both of Harvard; Durrell D. Kapan of the University of Hawaii; and Lawrence E. Gilbert of The University of Texas at Austin. Their work was funded by the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health. |
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Re: Darwin's theory is wrong.
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Of course. You just described the efforts of the genetic replicative algorithm, which seeks to maintain a linear continuity in its replicative process, which further requires control of its environment.
The species will then adapt to territory only by being "informed" through various procedures of "invasion", which will take the form of bacterial or viral. The organism then seeks to identify the invader by means of antibodies, which then increases its "library" of defense, and therefore its overall intelligence.
The effects are not random, as Darwin believed but actually a coordinated response to a random invader, whose effects are not predictable, making the process appear random.
However, the lack of predictability will produce different species capable of adapting to specific territories. This provides for an "intelligently" developed framework of adaptation, but not evidence of an intelligent designer. It simple means that each immune system resits change, attacks it, and is altered ONLY to a necessary degree in order to survive. This is the "mechanism" by which all living species operate.
If that is the "template", it would suggest possibility of a creator.
I can go into an experiment done along these lines, but it's lengthy. |
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false premise, franco!
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NO NEW SPECIES AT ALL IN 5000 YEARS, STARTING FROM BILLIONS OF SPECIES. SO SPECIES DO NOT FORM AS DARWIN SUPPOSED.
Dear franco,
Well, to be honest, scientists have NOT been continuously observing all of the planet's millions (not billions) of species over the past 5,000 years, and the fossil record is kind of spotty. In fact, scientists are STILL busy cataloging the Earth's species, discovering new ones everyday. NO scientist would claim: "We know exactly how many species existed on this planet 5,000 years ago, and we know exactly how many exist today, and not a single NEW speices has appeared during that period of time."
I have thus refuted the basic premise of your argument.
You're welcome!
Regards,
Redakteur |
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Re: false premise, franco!
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Charles Darwin himself stated in his book On the Origin of Species, “If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed which could not possibly have been produced by numerous, successive slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down.” Biochemist Michael Behe has pointed to irreducibly complex biological systems, such as bacterial flagella (which act as propellers) and cilia (biological sensory antennae). Neither of these could have been the products of gradual evolution because “the removal of any one of the parts causes the system to effectively cease functioning. An irreducibly complex system cannot be produced directly (that is, by continuously improving the initial function, which continues to work by the same mechanism) by slight, successive modifications of a precursor system, because any precursor to an irreducibly complex system that is missing a part is by definition nonfunctional.” (Darwin’s Black Box: The Biochemical Challenge to Evolution, Behe 1996). Additionally, Darwinists have never been able to convincingly explain how complex cell machinery developed, nor have they experimentally demonstrated the origin of the first living cell from inanimate matter. |
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false premise, franco!
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oh yes sure species evolve only when nobody look at them. To accept a theory you must find PROOF.
Dear franco,
YES! But, on the other hand, to debunk a theory, you must do MORE than point to a lack of proof!
And I re-iterate: You claimed that not a single new species had appeared in the last 5,000 years! You cannot prove that assertion! You should therefore retract that statement.
At most, you can point out that no one, in the past ca. 300 years, has yet observed the evolution of one species into another, but that would be a very weak argument against Darwin's Theory of Evolution. Just as claiming that there is no 10-meter-wide crater on Pluto would be a very weak disproof of the existence of meteors in that region of the Solar System; in actual fact, it is merely because no one has yet OBSERVED a 10-meter-wide crater on the surface of Pluto that such a claim could go uncontested, namely because our telescopes are not equal to the task of detecting such small craters.
Regards,
Redakteur |
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Re: false premise, franco!
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>Biochemist Michael Behe has pointed to irreducibly complex biological systems, such as bacterial flagella (which act as propellers) and cilia (biological sensory antennae). Neither of these could have been the products of gradual evolution because “the removal of any one of the parts causes the system to effectively cease functioning.<
This is, in fact, not correct. Something can only be called irreducibly complex if its parts have no use by themselves WHATSOEVER. On the other hand, if they were useful for SOMETHING (and that something could be pretty different to whatever function they now serve) irreducible complexity is disproved.
It has been shown by Keneth Miller of Brown University, that it is simply a false allegation to say that the component parts of the flagella motor have no other function. Many parasitic bacteria have a mechanism for injecting chemicals into host cells called the TTSS (it stands for Type Three Secretory) apparatus. The TTSS uses a subset of the very same proteins that are used in the flagella motor, only here their function is to bore a hole in a host's cell wall, not for providing rotary motion of a circular hub.
Miller himself wrote:
"If the flagellum were indeed irreducibly complex, then removing just one part, let alone 10 or 15, should render what remains by definition, nonfunctional. Yet the TTSS is indeed fully functional, even though it is missing most of the parts of the flagellum".
Like all Intelligent Design theorists (which is just another term for Creationist) Behe's pseudoscience is blown away by findings from actual scientists like Miller.
The rest of Franco's misunderstandings are too exstenive to make it worth my while going into. Anybody who knows anything about evolution can see he is failing dramatically to grasp how the theory actually works. You cannot say a theory is wrong, if you are wrong about what a theory says. In other words, if you totally misunderstand the basics of any theory (as Franco clearly does with natural selection, as his repeated references to randomness and sheer chance demonstrates) you are simply not in a position to even begin to debunk it.
Go and learn about what evolution is REALLY about, before wasting any more of our time! |
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"Not even wrong" - Pauli
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The rest of Franco's misunderstandings are too exstenive to make it worth my while going into. Anybody who knows anything about evolution can see he is failing dramatically to grasp how the theory actually works. You cannot say a theory is wrong, if you are wrong about what a theory says. In other words, if you totally misunderstand the basics of any theory (as Franco clearly does with natural selection, as his repeated references to randomness and sheer chance demonstrates) you are simply not in a position to even begin to debunk it.
Nicely said, Extropia.
I would even go one step farther and point out that franco's argumentation is, in some respects, "not even wrong" (Linus Pauli). He fails to "grasp not only how the theory actually works," but also how to use the rules of logic to perceive flaws in his own argumentation.
I don't wish to impugn franco or be verbally abusive, but I think that his is a case of "invincible ignorance."
What interest me is the fact that, not only here at Mind-X, but also at other forums I've visited, persons such as this attract more attention and are afforded more time and effort by the other forum members than other members whose arguments are less preposterous.
Regards,
Redakteur |
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Re: false premise, franco!
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>Darwin didn't know about DNA and proof-reading molecules and that mutations cause severe illnesses, otherwise he himself would not believe in his theory.<
Franco's argument depends upon random mutations to DNA doing nothing but harm. The problem is, this is simply not the case.
If it were indeed true that random changes to code is always detrimental, evolutionary programming would be a total nonstarter. Instead, achievements like evolving a memory stick that lasts 30% longer than the best designed effort, shows that nonrandom selection of randomly mutated, duplicated code can indeed produce superior outcomes.
If it were true that random changes to code always lead to defective animals and plants, there would be no breeders. No champion horses, no prize-winning fruits and vegetables. According to Franco, mutations in DNA always cause death or disability. How equine sports ever managed to breed thoroughbred racehorses if this was the case is hard to imagine.
Finally, even when a mutation has a negative effect, it can actually turn out to be positive depending on environmental conditions. For instance, some people inherit two copies of a mutant hemaglobin gene, one from each parent. Because of this, they have sickle-cell anemia which invariably kills them.
If a person carries a single copy of the sickle-cell gene, they have slightly defective hemaglobin. This slight defect protects against the parasite that causes maleria, so if you happen to have the single copy of the sickle-cell gene and you live in an area where you are at risk of catching maleria, you can survive a bout of the disease which might kill someone who lacked the sickle-cell gene.
So, while natural selection eliminates copies of the gene in people who carry two copies, it spreads the gene by allowing people with single copies to have children, because it is actually advantageous in regions where maleria is present.
Franco's other mistake is to assume that natural selection only has mutations to work on. It does not. All animals we are familiar with use sex, and sex shuffles genes. This gives variety for natural selection to work on. Even in organisms that use asexual reproduction, natural selection has more than just random mutations to go on. In bacteria, a mechanism called horizontal gene transfer (which happens when a virus inserts genes from one species of bacteria into another) swaps and recombines genes, and again this produces variations that evolution can favour in a nonrandom, cummulative fashion. |
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Re: Darwin's theory is wrong.
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If you were to stand at the edge of a continent and watch, you would not see it moving. You have disproved the theory of continental drift!
Uh, no. Because the drift is only noticable over stretches of time far beyond that which a person (or generations of people) can bare witness to. Similarly, the genetic drift of nonrandomly selected variations is also too slight be noticed. Every step is an organism that could breed with the generation preceeding it or coming after it, while at the same time if you jump far enough ahead no breeding is possible.
We see this with 'ring species'. For instance, the lesser black-backed gull and the herring gull look very different from each other and do not mate, so they are treated as two seperate species. But, take a journey from the North sea and head West, and you will notice the coats of the herring gulls in Canada are subtely different. As you reach Siberia, these slight changes have become quite stark, but still the gull you are looking at is scientifically classified as a herring gull. Keep moving through Asia and into Europe, and all the while the gulls continue to get darker and more yellow-legged. You will find dark, yellow-legged gulls extending even further West, all the way to the North sea where the journey began. Here, these gulls are now classified as lesser-black backed gulls.
So the herring gull and the lesser-black backed gull live at two ends of a continuous ring, inside of which all the birds can mate with their immediate neighbours.
ALL species are ring species. ALL species are part of a continuum of discrete steps which, if they had not been lost to extinction, would make the whole concept of classifying life into different species wholley impractical. You have to understand this or else you completely fail to understand natural selection. |
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Re: Darwin's theory is wrong.
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Franco, you have some truth to your post. Experients with a species of squirrel several years ago showed that in every observable way, the squirrels were identical, but one existed in a more desert, flatland territory, and used burrows instead of trees, while a neighboring species, identical in every sense except that they climbed trees like thr regular squirrels.
Within these two territories, even though it was possible, they never interbred, which made them qualify as different species.
The two species wwere mixed together in a laboratory, and over a period of time, began to interbreed. Released back in the wild, however, they gradually began to separate to the species for which each had been originally adapted.
Nature did tend to "rule" their behavior from a process that dictated survival benefitted from that original separation. |
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N. American opossum
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(Marsupials, too, were once considered to be exclusive to Australia, but their fossils have now been found on every continent.)
Dear franco,
I find it difficult to believe that there was a time when it was thought that marsupials were exclusive to Australia, i.e, that there was a time when biologists knew of the existence of Australian marsupials WITHOUT knowing of the existence of American marsupials.
Europeans discovered and explored America much earlier and faster than they did Australia. Hence, I believe that American marsupials (e.g., the North American opossum) must have been widely known long before Captain Cooke reached Australia (in the 18th Century).
I understand that this bit of misinformation is not central to your claim that Darwin's Theory is false. Nevertheless, I felt it necessary to correct you (and/or your source).
Regards,
Redakteur |
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Re: Darwin's theory is wrong.
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>Why he could be right and I must be wrong?<
Because Darwin spent a decade amassing evidence to support his argument. Because Darwin did not start with a belief and then tried to force the evidence to fit it, but instead came to the conclusion that natural selection happens because that is what the physical evidence from nature pointed to. Because, before he published his opus, Darwin wrote a book about the sex life of barnacles. Why? Because he knew he had to show his expertise in the natural sciences if his peers were to take him seriously. And, mostly, because the theory of natural selection explains 99% of what we know about the natural world (the remaining 1% can be blamed on our own ignorance, not any fault in the theory itself). You say you do not believe in it, but you also demonstrate that you do not understand even the basics, so your opinion counts for very little against beautifully-researched books from Darwin, Dawkins, Jay-Gould, Mannard Smith and other giants of the field. |
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