Minuscule, flexible compound lenses magnify large fields of view

May lead to miniaturized lenses in cameras, cell phones, and other optical devices
November 5, 2015

Tiny black silicon nanowire towers (a, b) make up dark regions of the flexible Fresnel zone lenses, minimizing unwanted reflections. Each individual lens resembles a bull’s-eye of alternating light and dark (c, d). Arrays of miniature lenses within a flexible polymer (e, f) can bend and stretch into different configurations. (credit: Hongrui Jiang)

Drawing inspiration from an insect’s multi-faceted eye, University of Wisconsin-Madison engineers have created miniature lenses with a vast range of vision. They’ve created the first flexible Fresnel zone plate microlenses with a wide field of view — a development that could allow everything from surgical scopes to security cameras and cell phones to capture a broader perspective at a fraction of the size required by conventional lenses.

Led by Hongrui Jiang, professor of electrical and computer engineering at UW-Madison, the researchers designed lenses no larger than the head of a pin and embedded them within flexible plastic. An array of the miniature lenses rolled into a cylinder can capture a panorama image covering a 170-degree field of view.

“We got the idea from compound eyes,” says Jiang, whose work was published in an open-access paper in the Oct. 30 issue of the journal Scientific Reports. “We know that multiple lenses on a domed structure give a large field of view.”

(a) Curved arrays of individual lenses (blue cylinder section) allow the tiny sensors to perceive a broader picture, bringing the Bucky mascot image into focus (c). The cylindrical arrangement shown in the schematic allowed researchers to resolve a 170-degree field of view. (credit: Hongrui Jiang)

The researchers can freely reconfigure the shape of the lens array, because rather than relying on conventional optics for focusing, they used Fresnel zone plates. Conventional lenses use refraction — the way light changes direction while passing through different substances (typically stiff, translucent ones, like glass) — to focus it on a single point. Instead, the Fresnel zone plates focus by diffraction — bending light as it passes the edge of a barrier.

Each of Jiang’s half-millimeter diameter lenses resembles a series of ripples on water emanating out from the splash of a stone. In bull’s-eye fashion, each concentric ring alternates between bright and dark. The distance between the rings determines the optical properties of the lens, and the researchers can tune those properties in a single lens by stretching and flexing it.

Previous attempts at creating Fresnel zone plate lenses have suffered from fuzzy vision. “The dark areas must be very dark,” explains Jiang, whose work is funded by the National Institutes of Health. “Essentially, it has to absorb the light completely. It’s hard to find a material that doesn’t reflect or transmit at all.”

Darker than dark

His team overcame this obstacle by using black silicon to trap light inside the dark regions of their Fresnel zone plate lenses. Black silicon consists of clusters of microscopic vertical pillars, or nanowires. Incoming light bouncing between individual silicon nanowires cannot escape the complex structure, making the material darker than dark.

Rather than laying down layers of black silicon on top of a clear backdrop, Jiang and his team took a bottom-up approach to generate their lenses. First they patterned aluminum rings on top of solid silicon wafers, and etched silicon nanowires in the areas between aluminum rings. Then they seeped a polymer between the silicon nanowire pillars. After the plastic support solidified, they etched away the silicon backing, leaving bull’s-eye patterned black silicon embedded in supple plastic.

This approach gave their lenses unprecedented crisp focusing capabilities, as well as the flexibility that enables them to capture a large field of view.

Jiang and his team are exploring ways to integrate the lenses into existing optical detectors and directly incorporate silicon electronic components into the lenses themselves.


Abstract of Micro-Fresnel-Zone-Plate Array on Flexible Substrate for Large Field-of-View and Focus Scanning

Field of view and accommodative focus are two fundamental attributes of many imaging systems, ranging from human eyes to microscopes. Here, we present arrays of Fresnel zone plates fabricated on a flexible substrate, which allows for the adjustment of both the field of view and optical focus. Such zone plates function as compact and lightweight microlenses and are fabricated using silicon nanowires. Inspired by compound eyes in nature, these microlenses are designed to point along various angles in order to capture images, offering an exceptionally wide field of view. Moreover, by flexing the substrate, the lens position can be adjusted, thus achieving axial focus scanning. An array of microlenses on a flexible substrate was incorporated into an optical system to demonstrate high resolution imaging of objects located at different axial and angular positions. These silicon based microlenses could be integrated with electronics and have a wide range of potential applications, from medical imaging to surveillance.