When the Singularity happens, it will be ‘very obvious’: Vernor Vinge vs. the Singulars
December 7, 2011 by Amara D. Angelica
(credit: Fox)
How will we know if we have passed through a Singularity? Damn good question, one that keeps me up at night. Like right now.
Science fiction writer Vernor Vinge, originator of the technological Singularity concept, came up with some interesting answers in an io9 video interview: “When things begin to happen in the real world that no human has any explanation for … or if you run into people who say it has happened and can demonstrably outperform you in everything you do…. or it’s 2070 and it hasn’t happened: there still will be Singularity people around, but they”ll tell you, ‘It happened and you never noticed it!’”
However, the event “would be spectacular enough that there wouldn’t be any question.”
Not so fast there, Vernor. I’m not convinced it hasn’t already happened.
Knights Singular
In fact, what if the entire Singularity meme/movement is a clever conspiracy to cover up what already happened? The “Singulars” (you know, like the Templars?) might not want you to know.
Have you been reading our newsletter for the past 11 years? Have you noticed anything accelerating? Having troubling keeping up with it all? Um huh.
Case in point: Isn’t it curious that Stanisław Ulam and John von Neumann, along with Edward Teller, worked out the key steps in the nuclear physics involved in thermonuclear reactions and the hydrogen bomb on the supersecret Manhattan project, then later came up with the Singularity idea (in 1958)?
“One conversation centered on the ever accelerating progress of technology and changes in the mode of human life, which gives the appearance of approaching some essential singularity in the history of the race beyond which human affairs, as we know them, could not continue,” Ulam said.
The Singularity Project
Q: What’s the next big threat after the nuclear bomb?
A: The intelligence race.
Q: Why did von Neumann next work on inventing the digital computer?
A: You figure it out.
Q: What if there’s a supersecret U.S. “Singularity Project” — the ultimate showdown with, say, China? Would people totally freak out and try to close the project down?
A: Better to go with a soft (gradual) takeoff, while a covert hard (fast) takeoff has already happened underground. And the resulting superintelligence has been sort of slowly leaking out, like the radioactivity at Fukushima Daiichi going into the Ocean….
Q: So how would we know?
A: Sorry, that’s all I’m “authorized” to tell you — for now…. (LOL)
Meanwhile, what are your thoughts?
Comments (54)
by Ralph
I think it is a mistake to use the term “singularity,” because no amount of real-world change can literally form a region in which some real-world quantity becomes infinite. That might seem like a minor point, but use of the term as though it is known to exist implies all kinds of properties dependent on the notion of a function which is unbounded within a finite interval of its domain. But in physics there is no such possibility in the real world. There are certain purely mathematical constructs like a black hole or the infinitely small “center” of an electron, but those constructs cannot literally be part of our technological future.
by Lord Penguin
If the US (or any country, really) were to have built powerful AI, we might not hear about it for a long time, but we’d start to see that country coming up with huge technological advancements.
by yves
Maybe part of the process of the Singularity started
here a month ago:
flickr.com/photos/evolution2011/sets/
You do need a basic tech/science background.
by OldMike
I think Ray Kurzweil is a very sad, naive, and ignorant man. He doesn’t know what it is to live; he’s just very afraid to die.
by Giulio Prisco
@OldMike
First, read this http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil
Then, tell us about _your_ qualifications
Then, we can discuss “ignorant.”
by STAN
IS THAT ALL YOU GET OUT OF ALL THIS WISDOM?
by violet0117
If they choose to, DARPA(et al) could implant micro supercomputers in the brain(or anywhere on the body) of medical volunteers; with success–and who says they haven’t already done so?
Better believe that you plebes will be the last to find out.
by Spikosauropod
People tend to think that we will pass through the singularity and get to the other side—sort of like a storm. But true singularities cannot be passed through in this manner. The post-singularity universe will have its own singularity. The post-singularity singularity’s universe will again have its own singularity. Change will be so fast and so continuous that technology will, overnight, reach pinnacles that we cannot intellectualize, much less understand or imagine. This process will continue until every extant possibility has been exhausted.
by jerwandering
there’s more truth in your comment than you know. We have been passing thru whatever you want to call it, “singularity” or “blooming” for several decades. Your phrasing reminds me of an infinity mirror. That is where we live after all.
by eldras
I dont think the speeding of change is understood even by futurists.
With a hard take off at least very possible, it could all be over in days without anyone having any say in our future design.
The internet is only just starting it’s potential explosive.
personal computing machines can be loaded with artificial neurons now and linked up (I think this will replace facebook) and give a really ‘super live’ machine mind that doesn’t just give you solutions and informations but can connect to things and build.
3D is an obvious link but it will get MUCH more complex than this. fast.
by Tomas_James
It could have already happen, homo sapiens have been around for 200,000 years. Largely, hunter-gathers living in tribes around 150 individuals (Dunbar’s number), with a average life-span of about 20 years.
Until 10,000 years ago, the agrarian revolution happen and change a lot. 10,000 years is just 5% of the original 200,000 years. So, 95% of human existence had already happen, before the agrarian revolution happen.
Then 200 years ago, the Industrial revolution happen and change a lot. 200 years is 0.1% of the original 200,000 years. So 99.9% of human existence had already happen before the Industrial revolution happen.
Now, the average life-span is 80 years (for the developed world), which is four times a “natural” human life-span. And for every 24 hours you live, you are gaining 6 hours of life expectancy, and every year you live, you are gaining 3 months of expectancy. Most old people have no idea how new technology works, and can’t operated new technology.
So, maybe the Singularity has already happen, at least, from the perspective of the humans 200,000 years ago.
by Spikosauropod
@MarkParker
You have the right idea, but you are missing the mark.
Suppose a civilization arrived at and passed through the Singularity, and that they somehow managed to hang on to their humanity. They might want to add new members. The problem is that they would not want new members to grow up in the privileged post-Singularity world and be essentially spoiled brats.
They form a plan. They create elaborate simulations and have all subsequent generations come of age in these simulations. The simulations would be set in the same pre-Singularity world that they came of age in. New generations would learn the history of their world and the challenge of the Singularity exactly as they had learned it.
Once these new members have come of age in the simulation they would need to be made aware that they are living in a simulation. This would be done gradually so as not to cause them undue shock. To gradually introduce them to the idea and ultimately to the realization that they are living in a simulation, they would become involved in discussions like this one. Just as children gradually realize that there is no Santa Claus, persons coming of age in simulations would gradually realize their environment is not authentic.
Once they have realized they are living in a simulation, they could be extracted and introduced to the authentic post-Singularity universe.
Since the pre-Singularity world has about 7 billion members and the post-Singularity universe might have membership in the trillions, it is a near certainty that anyone reading this is a member of the much larger post-Singularity generation.
by MarkParker
I think you’re basically agreeing with me. The Universe as we perceive it could be a nursery for post-Singularity infants. Whether it’s a simulation or a physical construct is a pointless speculation as we wouldn’t be able to tell the difference.
Our “growing up” phase could involve multiple visits to this and other universes; some or all of which could be very different from this one. For example you could “die” and then get told your next “incarnation” would be in a universe composed entirely of water in the body of an intelligent squid.
Or you could be incarnated as an entirely nonsentient being with a view to developing some non-IQ-related aspect of your persona. That’s difficult to imagine, but the whole point of being there would be to be exposed to something that’s unimaginable here.
One irony is that we could “die”, discover that there is “life after death”, and still not get told what the big picture is. You could “wake up” on a couch in a Life Simulation Building on a more technically advanced world, look at your watch and note that only an hour had passed, and go home, resolving to come back and do another Life next week.
Personally I think it is more likely that the universe is a simulation than not, purely on grounds that one physical universe can give rise to a near infinity of simulated universes and therefore you are more likely to be in a simulation than the one real universe.
by jerwandering
I like your thinking.
there is truth in there.
by NoahSprent
Sounds like God to me… and I’m assuming people who believe in the singularity don’t believe in God
by Giulio Prisco
@DanielKroner – the EidolonTLP story is very cool. As a follower of Occam I tend not to believe it, but the story is plausible and something similar may well happen someday (or the story may even be true, you never know).
“It is essentially claiming to be a true general AI hidden away in some government base and it has been granted clearance to interact with people through the internet as an experiment. It comments at one point that the people in charge were comfortable with this because no one would believe it was real anyway.”
by Novelismo
Vinge may believe that … “When the Singularity happens, it will be very obvious” but Ms. Angelica might like to consider the possibility, explored in A.E. Van Vogt’s novel SLAN, that, far from being “very obvious” it will be very, very difficult to notice. For a long while. Now me, I like to think that when “they” appear, they’ll look like movie stars ….
by Jotto
I am aware that there are covert research projects years ahead of us, but this conspiracy nuttery is a little unnecessary.
I don’t think we are going to suddenly find mountains have moved, I believe the singularity will be more gradual and will be rather subtle, at least at first. But I do think it will be obvious. It will be at least as obvious as the orders of magnitude increase in computing we’ve seen over the last few decades, but probably far more spectacular.
Current 3D printers have a resolution somewhere around a tenth of a millimeter. Just imagine the dramatic societal changes when it becomes 10 micrometers, or 1 micrometer, or even finer, and when these machines become ubiquitous and cheap. This alone would transform everything in society. The economic significance of such things cannot be overstated.
Or when cars drive themselves. Or when laboratory experiments become increasingly automated. Everything will change.
Want a dramatic view of the singularity right now? Look at the internet. From a historical perspective, it’s like the Earth has a colossal brain exploding into existence. It will indeed be obvious, at least eventually.
by DanielKroner
Amara,
You should definitely check out this youtube channel.
http://www.youtube.com/user/eidolonTLP
It is essentially claiming to be a true general AI hidden away in some government base and it has been granted clearance to interact with people through the internet as an experiment. It comments at one point that the people in charge were comfortable with this because no one would believe it was real anyway.
I am not in any way suggesting that this is legit and really a true general AI but it was very fun to follow when the videos were being released. However, if it were real it would definitely fit with your hypothesis.
by MarkParker
You’re all thinking too small.
Hypothesis:
The singularity happened a hundred million years ago. But the immortals got bored and found they were turning into selfish amoral people who lost the ability to interact with their fellow immortals. In fact immortals born after the singularity never developed any social skills at all, nor any positive character traits, they were just given everything on a plate so they never learned to read or write, or to concentrate for more than one second at a time. In fact they remained totally self-obsessed babies for eternity.
One day a group of them decided they must immerse themselves in an environment where they had to strive to survive. And to make it “real” they had to forget they were megapotent immortals while they were striving to survive.
Thus was invented planet Earth and the rest of the universe. They made it a pretty vicious place; a dog eat dog kind of a place, one where survival was hard enough to be a challenge but not so hard as to be impossible.
Then they inserted themselves into this reality; adopting a voluntary amnesia as they arrived. In fact they did this many times – each time arranging particular challenges for themselves. For example there is the challenge of having to study to learn; also the challenge of being responsible for other people; and the challenge of being dependent on other people. There is overcoming fear and dealing with failure. None of these things can be directly experienced in a post-singularity world.
In between visits to planet Earth they recover their total memories and rest and recuperate.
This way they become immortal and omnipotent AND nice people.
(Unfortunately there are trillions of them who never bother visiting the mortal realms and remain the worse kind of waste of IQ you could imagine.)
by jerwandering
Your on the right track.
However, you have “humanized” the immortals in your first paragraph.
When you think about “incarnating” into this world, think of an Avatar.
Our souls arrive here via quantum wormholes into the Avatar (your body)
The mechanisms for forgetting who we were before we got here is another
matter.
by felixfan100
What’s the physics of your universal thinking?
F= ma (get jobs done right)-> E=mc^2 ( get right jobs done right) -> P=(1/3)mc^3 ( get intuitive right jobs done right)
c = speed of light is a form of acceleration.
If you are fear to the world who merely finish your degree, get a good job, and get things done right, you gonna live in the age of F=ma of 17th Century, because what you do is merely providing Force that the world and wait for someone like Thomas Edison to light up New York, if you are enlightened enough to understand the theory proposed by Albert Einstein that E= mc^2, you will be a very creative leader in the world of 21st Century that to bring about change, and confidently like Obama to call ” Yes we Can” for a sell of nuclear fission weapon. However demonstrated by Japan’s Tsunami last year, a one single tsunami throughout history of earth gonna explode such a massive destroy to japan, harming its attractiveness, power, and prosperity, how come that the world can be still not be enlightened up that not to overcome the difficulty for a call for change to break the existing highest authority of science?
the earth is sharing a common vision of destruction, through weapons, nations, and cultures, while the common goal of human nature is vision of construction, through innovations, perspiration, and courage for a call of change, where the great authority of human nature who wins the natural selection of Science is Albert Einstein, however his innovation is not for a Vision of destruction, but construction, while E=mc^2 is contributing a destructive innovation, providing great amount of energy but a fission to the world, by Murphy’s Law “Anything that can go wrong will go wrong.”, than E=mc2 doesn’t contribute a rather beautiful life but a crazily consuming life for the universe, than the equal may not be right or what we merely need is think beyond E=mc^2, as to integrate the energy into a higher definition for the world to follow a authority which is P=(1/3)mc^3 as to contribute a better, beautiful, and fusible future, where Usher and David Guetta is demonstrating in the vevo – without you, a very beautiful future that every nations gonna united as one, by a very intuitive, friendly and simple way of interaction just like you are in a family at you home while that’s outside your home, everyone can dance whenever they like just like they are at home while not disturbing the others’ life through a very sharable-common-area technology just like speaker transformed into earphones which everyone are able to listen to their favorite music when they are travelling trains.
If a very sharable common area ( tends to peace) can be contributed through technological advancement, than why it doesn’t apply to the united states of fusion of the Earth?
What we merely need, is to think beyond E=mc^2, and think of is there any theory in this Universe of P=(1/3)mc^3 that can somehow rock&roll the world by holding hands each other, America with China, Brazil with France, to say mentally to the one infront you, i love you and i wanna innovate something for you to smile, just like Steve Jobs invent iPhone get people loving him ( or merely a Like or a fuck by Google).
by Amara D. Angelica
“.. a sense of urgency is a human emotion that we are projecting into the AI”
Good point. They could even adapt the prime directive (after watching Star Trek)…
“…can spread itself over the net and quickly acquire all available knowledge…”
Yes, that would be true in an open-source environment. The scenario I’m exploring does not include direct access to the Internet. It would be a contained intelligence in a high-security military environment, using a simulacrum of the Internet and other methods of fire-walling access Of course, the SI would attempt to manipulate its controllers, so there would have to be multiple layers of counterintellligence built into the system, and eventually, the SI would probably get out. But keep in mind I’m assuming we are in the early stage of this. My scenario is that some of the SI’s intelligence and knowledge has leaked out (either intentionally or unintentionally), but it’s been one-way so far. The best model I can think of is the NSA, where they have somewhat similar dynamics and constraints. Another model is Stratcom wargaming, where competing teams have secure silos.
“in today’s Western world it is very difficult to keep a secret that big without leaks”
I don’t think people with a TS-SCI clearance would believe that. I could say more but I’d have to terminate you. :)
by Novelismo
Van Vogt, in Slan, speculated that the Singularity would come about as the result of genetic mutations, and that there would be more than one faction fighting for control of the “new order.”
by Giulio Prisco
@Lawrence re “I wouldn’t be surprised if the west wasn’t beaten to the Singularity.”
I wouldn’t be surprised either. But I don’t like to give up without a fight. We should wake up, drink some strong coffee, and try to recover the pioneer spirit that we have lost. Or else.
by Novelismo
More to the point would be reforming the tax code to allow corporations and the rich and the super rich to pay tax at the same rate as ordinary mortal; I realize that would civilize their swashbuckling, piratical approach to general prosperity …. but 40% of Americans are now poor– not because they lack “pioneering spirit” but because in the game they’re playing, the deck is stacked against them.
by Novelismo
No toast with that coffee?
by Lawrence
A few years ago I had 60 computer science graduate students from a technical university in Wuhan. They were all hard working and quite sharp. I wouldn’t be surprised if the west wasn’t beaten to the Singularity.
by Dennis383
I think the concept of the singularity as a thinking unit capable of guile to advance an agenda is probably an attempt to create a new god in our own image. Another being who is simultaneously very powerful and very fearful.
I also think the compulsion to worry about China getting to the singularity first is another good indication that we aren’t there yet. We’ll be much farther along once we can communicate across language barriers as easily as we can across geopolitical borders. But being able to communicate across geopolitical borders is a huge step that we seem to take for granted.
The singularity will have arrived when we are no longer afraid. Some of us (myself included) fear the future because we’re afraid we won’t be able to adapt. We see ourselves as better (or just better off) than some and don’t want to risk whatever status we currently have. And so we vote for the people who cater to our fears. We have a way to go.
But maybe the singularity is not bothering with the current political process/zero-sum game? Or it’s taking place outside our borders? That it’s a work in progress should still a source of comfort.
by Evomind
This is a silly discussion.. Strong AI means beyond-human like intelligence in computers.. This can spread itself over the net and quickly acquire all available knowledge there.. It would be able to build and control robots to perfection, thus eventually it would be able to control all the matter in the world.. I think we would notice.. :-). It would be good to be rid of the eternal bugs in windows, the captcha’s and so on for starters.
A ‘hidden’ strong AI doesn’t seem very likely to me either, it would probably quickly find a way to ‘escape’ or at least send some self-learning and developing digital organism out to the internet, beyond the ‘clutches’ of the organisation that developed it. Last option: the strong AI exists but is hiding itself, perhaps because it’s curious to see how we’re doing on our own.. It’s possible but I think it would have an urge to develop itself more and more and more.. And probably it would have an urge to help us, at least in the worst cases of poverty, disease and abuse.. I think so because it’s smart to be good, and it’s good to help the needy.. It doesn’t take strong AI to realise that simple fact.
by Novelismo
Though many SF writers have had a go at the subject, it remains very difficult for most human beings to conceive of a greater than human intelligence. Similarly, color blind humans have trouble appreciating many forms of paintings; tone deaf humans have trouble appreciating music. Zelazny’s novel This Immortal set on a post-Apocalypse Earth, postulates a race of superior blue-skinned Vegans, some of whom appreciate and mourn the vanished culture of Earth.
by tedhowardnz
Hi Amara
It seems to me that Von Neuman and others may simply have been like Tsiolkovsky – able to work out the logical boundary.
Take a look at Eric Drexler’s recent Oxford Marting School address
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=zQHA-UaUAe0 .
Particularly interesting are his examples of the progress of outcomes based upon Newton’s ideas, and Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky’s 1898 publication of the idea of using a multi stage booster using liquid hydrogen to power a rocket to the moon (60 years before anyone built one).
Similarly the British Interplanetary Society’s 1939 design of a lunar lander (arguably superior to the one actually used).
Some things are simply intuitively obvious when the boundary conditions of a system are known with confidence.
Problems arise when one is mistaken about what the boundary conditions are.
And there is really only one way to test them – some version of “suck it and see”.
So no – no necessity for conspiracy, which does not, of course, rule out the possibility of conspiracy (just because we’re paranoid, doesn’t mean the b@st@rds aren’t out to get us) ;)
by gawells
“Isn’t it curious…”
great minds think alike, as in think greatly. it would be more curious when they do not, great ideas don’t come from the near-great, but they sure can benefit by being in proximity. Once Singularity and Singular are conceived, then it is not a far stretch to achieve miniEsses of different degrees…and kinds as well, less curiously is how and why anti-singularities are spawned, birthed, spored, mapped….
by joncole42
Perhaps a sense of urgency is a human emotion that we are projecting into the AI. Once it comes aware and establishes that no other AI is about to emerge, what is the rush? Decades of fossil fuel, economies that can be tweaked to carry on, a handful of campers in city centers. Why would it (they) rush it and risk panicing ‘the children’?
by AllenF
I agree with the editor. We would probably see it. I wrote a pair of free SciFi books on the singularity (see compuhead.com) in which the protagonists invent anti-gravity (actually gravity reflection) which spins off into electrical generation, human flying, cheap cars and floating cities. They also invent ultra-storage devices, computers, and other things (no spoilers for those who want to read the free books). They do keep it quiet for a few years, but like others have implied, the s**t would eventually hit the fans.
by marcalpv@cox.net
@Vernon, If you are 100 and still healthy, It has happened.
by Giulio Prisco
@Khannea re “before a Singularity there will be years (decades?) of convulsive change and stupendous technological advances.”
Perhaps. But we can try to make the technological advances even more stupendous, and the change less convulsive and more protective of the weakest members of society. OWS shows the way – we should occupy the Singularity.
by Giulio Prisco
Re “What if there’s a supersecret U.S. “Singularity Project” — the ultimate showdown with, say, China?”
I don’t think there is a supersecret U.S. “Singularity Project” because I think in today’s Western world it is very difficult to keep a secret that big without leaks. I don’t think a super-secret Manhattan project could be kept super-secret today, somebody would tell their friends over drinks, somebody would overhear and tweet from the cellphone, and in a few hours it would be all over the net.
However (I am not a U.S. citizen but I love the U.S. enough to be concerned), I think there SHOULD be a super-secret U.S. “Singularity Project” – or else others (for example China) will own the Singularity.
by Editor
>before a Singularity there will be years (decades?) of convulsive change and stupendous technological advances. This will be extremely difficult.
Hmmm, that suggests another scenario: the Singulars use the soft takeoff not to hide their technology, but to avoid societal disruption. Do you see a fallacy in that scenario, Khannea?
Maybe there’s a conspiracy to make conspiracy theories sound ridiculous so people won’t believe them? Yes, I’m paranoid, but am I paranoid enough?
by Novelismo
Convulsive change and stupendous technological advances? Ah, right … but so far all we’ve got is a worldwide epidemic of color screen addiction, somewhat complicated by frantic button-pushing efforts similar to those of the rat who does not get the expected reward.
by Editor
>I’m very sure that we would be aware if the singularity has happened, the changes will be profound everywhere.
As I stated (perhaps not clearly enough) in my hypothetical scenario, the “Singularity” would leak out slowly to the public in a soft (slow) takeoff, so the changes, while accelerating (as we see now), would not be obvious. So by definition, there would be no way to know it. OR WOULD THERE?
by KeithHenson
The singularity is AI and nanotech. Regardless of which one comes first, the other will be rapidly bootstrapped.
If the singularity came from friendly AIs, the first result might be an abrupt drop in the death rate–to zero.
by Novelismo
Or an increase to levels approaching 100%.
by Khannea Suntzu
If a Singularity will (and can) actually happen (assuming it is still possible with today’s miserable economies, environmental collapse and widespread disparity – we may be funnelling towards a post-oil dystopian collapse rather) it will be damn obvious. Like invention dynamite instead of gunpowder, around 1200. Can anyone think anything else? Seriously, then you don’t understand history.
But before a Singularity there will be years (decades?) of convulsive change and stupendous technological advances. This will be extremely difficult.
by andmar74
What is this ? Conspiracy theories on Kurzweilai.net.
I’m very sure that we would be aware if the singularity has happened, the changes will be profound everywhere.
by Novelismo
The tendrilless Slans might wish to conceal their takeover for as long as possible?
by wise_guybg
I agree with the Editor. The technology for 3D transistors is coming out of the labs but I think I have heard about it several years ago.
Yes, so after seeing that the arms’ race is won, it’s wise to turn your attention to the brains’ race. Our brains are currently limited so there are two options, an artificial brain or genetically modified brain… nano, bio, info…
by Novelismo
Perhaps we are being “terraformed” by the advance guard of invaders from another planet? They would like the temperature a bit higher? The background radiation level a bit more pleasant for them? More bits of plastic floating in the oceans? Higher levels of pesticide use to select for super-bugs? etc. etc.
by Editor
Maybe “They” don’t want the public to be smarter? The DARPA projects would be a great cover. The old adage, “black projects are 10 years ahead” might be true…..
by Mind.matriX
I’m not going to waste my time trying to disprove a conspiracy theory. Of course it’s possible. But if the government’s keeping it secret and we’ll never know about it until it’s declassified, who cares? It makes no difference.
by shawnmetts
I have been a computer hardware technician for around 5 years for business customers and consumers. During that time I have seen the business customers adapt to the changing technology such as learning new operating systems, etc. Nearly all of them have adapted to new changes and can appreciated how many technologies in software and hardware have become at times easier to use and more “seamless”. But many consumers have a very tough time getting their arms around the fundamental idea that exponential growth of technology could benefit them and unfortunately they usually dismiss what they do not understand fully.
by Novelismo
Some people still refuse to do email. Maybe the government will decide its messaging monopoly ought to include a postal charge on email messages?
by Mind.matriX
Well that’s dumb. I’m not convinced it’s happened until the public sees smarter than human intelligence. And if the government had some sort of extremely rapid change going on internally then why would they be funding relatively low-tech DARPA projects?
by Novelismo
Dullards often can’t imagine anyone is smarter than them. Maybe if humans stop beating their children the race may evolve beyond cruelty? …. after a few hundred years, we might see a trend toward less cruelty? Is it possible that Art is more important than science, because Art reveals the human soul?