Loyola researchers have discovered that a molecule called transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) helps ramp up the immune system in some cases and suppress it in others.

The finding could eventually lead to new drugs to regulate the immune system. revving it up to attack tumor cells or tamping it down to prevent the rejection of transplanted organs, for example.

TGF-β is known to be a powerful regulator of the immune response — generally suppressing the strength of the response. In this study, however, Loyola researchers demonstrated that TGF-β can amplify the immune response and result in a more effective targeted response under specific conditions.

“TGF-β is a double-edged sword,” said Makio Iwashima, PhD, an associate professor in the Department of Microbiology & Immunology of Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine. “It augments immune system reactions but does not determine what direction they will take. Depending on conditions, these reactions can either activate or suppress the immune system.”

The study involved mouse cells grown ex vivo in laboratory dishes. The next steps will be to study TGF-β in human cells and in animal models. Understanding the dual role of TGF-β could help in the development of drugs to either activate or suppress the immune system, as needed, Iwashima said.

Background

The immune system relies on a balancing act between two types of cells. Effector cells attack tumor cells and cells infected by viruses or bacteria. Regulatory cells suppress the immune system so that it does not attack healthy tissue.

If effector cells are too active, an individual can suffer autoimmune disorders such as lupus, Type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis. But if regulatory cells are too active, the immune system will not be aggressive enough to protect the individual from germs and cancer.

Ref.: Mariko Takami, Robert B. Love, Makio Iwashima, TGF-β Converts Apoptotic Stimuli into the Signal for Th9 Differentiation, Journal of Immunology, 2012 [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102698]